Enron Was The Largest Trader Of Electricity, Energy And...

Alessia Scolaro Accounting II Before its collapse, Enron was the largest trader of electricity, energy and natural gas in the world. Founded in 1985 by businessman Kenneth Lay, Enron quickly became one of the largest corporations in America. It was a company who claimed to valued itself on integrity and truthfulness and whose main goal was to try to change the way the world bought and sold energy. Unfortunately, greed and arrogance along with accounting fraud lead to its ultimate demise. The company’s first case of fraud was uncovered in 1987 after two rogue traders in Enron’s International Oil unit in Valhalla, NY began taking exceedingly risky gambles with company funds. In an otherwise risky market, Enron suspiciously seemed†¦show more content†¦The investigation unveiled the fact that Lay had actually been warned early on by auditors about the illegal actions of his employees. Fearing the loss of profits from firing his biggest money-makers, Lay had decided that it was in the company’s best interest to allow the illegal activities to continue. Both traders were eventually fired and one served a one year prison sentence. Jeffrey Skilling joined the Enron team as CEO shortly after. Under his leadership Enron adopted the accounting method mark-to-market which allowed the company to report potential future profits on the same day a deal was signed. No matter what their actual profits were, on paper, they could be whatever the company decided. This easily manipulative system contributed majorly to Enron’s eventual downfall. To the outside world, the company seemed prosperous. Stock prices rose dramatically and reported profits exceeded expectations yearly. Fortune magazine even called Enron the â€Å"country’s most innovative company.† In reality, it was all an elaborate illusion to hide the fact that Enron was drowning in debt. The chief financial officer, Andy Fastow was tasked with covering up Enron’s financial crisis. Fastow established hundreds of fake limited liability companies to create the illusion that Enron was earning profits by conducting business with these entities. They

Should Human Organs Be Traded or Sold Within the United...

Should Human Organs Be Traded or Sold Within the United States? What’s the Right Thing to Do? As NBC13.com news points out â€Å"everyday seventeen people die waiting for organ transplants.† These deaths could simply be prevented by having a system in place that could provide a service to these helpless individuals. According to this site, there are 120,000 people still waiting for organs, nationwide; 30,000 of them are African Americans. But when it comes down to the issue of free trade of human organs, the majority of American citizens will consider it a controversial and ethical issue. There could be a large group of people supporting each side of this argument. However, only those who want to sell their organs and those who need the†¦show more content†¦Let’s think of it this way, for someone who is waiting for kidney transplantation, it is important to clear his or her body from normal metabolic waste. Don’t forget that the kidney is not only responsible for filtering the metabolic waste and balancing fluid and electrolytes, but is also resp onsible for the secretion of hormones. These are erythropoietin which is responsible for red blood cell production and renin angiotensin aldosterone which is critical for maintaining the body’s sodium level. This in turn, controls the blood pressure. This process is being done without our knowledge hourly. (Lewis 667, 765, 766, 1139, 1207) But for those who have dysfunctional kidneys, this process must be done manually. For example, for clearing the body from metabolic waste, patients much go through a treatment called dialysis. This treatment could decrease the physical ability of the patients to go through the transplant surgery when they find the kidney. (Forbes) Now just imagine that you have found a perfect match of a kidney but the surgeon cannot transplant it because you are too physically weak to go through this surgery. If it was me, I would fight this current process so that I could save me or my loved one’s life. It is the core of our human nature. When we a re in trouble, that’s when we think of finding a solution to get us out of it. Unfortunately, sometimes this approach will have very seriousShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the illegal drug-trade human trafficking is the fastest increasing criminal industry. Human trafficking is commonly referred to as modern-day slavery. This is the illegal trade of human beings for forced labor or for exploitation. Exploitation referring to the use of others for prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery, or the removal of organs. Woman and young children living in poverty are the ones who usually fall in the trap of the traffickersRead MoreHuman Trafficking Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the illegal drug-trade human trafficking is the fastest increasing criminal industry. 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One example is the use of human tissues; samples of tissue are collected from donors and prepared in a laboratory (hsi.org, n.d). Even after death, human tissue can still be depended on. Post mortem brain

Cultural Evolution free essay sample

The concept of cultural evolution has had a problematic history because its initial usage became linked to 19th century efforts by Western societies to justify their dominance over other societies. Despite this initial misuse, however, cultural evolution remains an important mainstay of anthropological research. As currently used, the concept parallels biological evolution in the sense that societies frequently acquire and spread important traits as they adapt to the pressures confronting them.A very simple example might be a coastal society developing increasingly superior technologies for acquiring food from the ocean in response to the demands of a growing population for food or to the disappearance of land-based food resources. But such adaptations are found in social, political, and economic organization as well as to other facets of a society. Of course, not every cultural trait emerges as an adaptation. Many – such as the tail fins on cars or details of religious doctrine – arise because of the society’s history, the actions of specific individuals, and other factors which belong to the society itself and are not generally shared with others. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Evolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But many traits of central importance to a society are adaptations to the society’s problems. Furthermore, as different societies grow in size and complexity, they predictably encounter the same problems.The existence of these common problems creates the basis for the evolutionary â€Å"stages† or â€Å"types of society† described by Evans because generally human societies reshape themselves in fairly similar ways to solve these problems. 1. With what â€Å"modes† of sociocultural integration does Evans categorize pre-industrial societies (p. 23-5)? Subsistence, Economy, Territory, Population and settlement pattern, Community, Society, Politics, Religion 2. Clearly, the terms which Evans uses to label the â€Å"modes† of sociocultural integration are adjectives which describe social relationships among individuals in a society.So why does the table on p. 24-5 use information about â€Å"Territory† and â€Å"Population and settlement patterns† to classify societies into these categories? It is important to use these aspects to classify societies because â€Å"there is no evidence for unilinear evolution†(p. 23). Depending on the type of society the territory and settlement patterns do describe relationships among individuals in a society. For example, in the Egalitarian system bands may share a common area and know the various â€Å"rules† in which they use the area. 3. Which of the â€Å"modes† described by Evans seems closest to your own society?Politics and religion in the â€Å"Ranked† system are closest to our society. For the remaining modes, our society most closely resemble the â€Å"Stratified† system. 4. The â€Å"modes† as well as the â€Å"Types of society† given in Evans’s table are often described as â€Å"Levels of Complexity†. What evidence do you see in the table that Ranked Societies (Chiefdoms) really have a more complex organization than do Egalitarian Societies (Bands and Tribes)? There is evidence that the â€Å"Ranked† societies are more complex as there are more people and facets to this type of society.This system is farming and hunting, so there are enough people to hunt for those staying and farming. The economy experiences more complexity and diversity as there is less movement than the â€Å"Stratified† societies. Due to the size of the community in a â€Å"Ranked† system there is a need for leaders to specific positions to keep order to the chiefdoms. 5. How is a cultural evolutionary framework useful in understanding the differences between the religions found in tribal societies, chiefdoms, and states (p. 34)? Specifically, how does the role of religion differ in each kind of society?The â€Å"Egalitarian† societies kept the immediate group, plants and animals sacred. The â€Å"Ranked† societies focused religion on the crops they grew and the plants and animals they used in particular, and the most important family in the tribe were seen as the ones with â€Å"direct relationship to supernatural powers. † In the â€Å"Stratified† communities religion was sanctioned with specific rules and places for worship. 6. What is the principle of cultural ecology (p. 51)? How is it important to the study of cultural evolution? Cultural ecology is a feedback loop.Human interaction with the environment will produce positive or negative responses, which eventually affect humans. It is important to study cultural evolution because history has a way of repeating itself. 7. What is the culture core (p. 51)? What are its three basic components (margin note on p. 52)? Culture core is evaluating how cultures survived, or what they were missing that led to demise. It kind of reminds me of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs but on a community or cultural level. The three basic components are Ideology, Organization, and Technology.

Marijuana is a substance that has become very much Essays - Cannabis

Marijuana is a substance that has become very much a part of American culture. Nearly 65 million Americans have either used it occasionally or regularly. The use of marijuana hit mainstream America about thirty years ago and it has been accepted by a large segment of society ever since (Rosenthal 16). The debate on whether this substance should be legalized or not remains a very hot topic today. Despite government efforts to isolate and eliminate its use, it is clear that the use of marijuana is still very popular. There is an obvious problem concerning marijuana today. Governments on all three levels: local, state, and federal are trying desperately to find an appropriate policy involving marijuana. National polls show that more than 70% of the American people, from both ends of the political spectrum, support controlled access to marijuana for medicinal purposes. Despite fierce opposition from the federal government, voters in California and Arizona passed ballot initiatives in the fall of 1996 favoring the legalization of medicinal marijuana (Randall 33). If support for marijuana at least as a medicinal remedy is so high, then why have only a few states taken steps to change their policy? There are several reasons why marijuana remains illegal. Mainly, it is a political issue kicked around by certain special interest groups. Some of these groups perceive marijuana as a threat to the home, tearing families apart and causing them to abandon traditional values. However these groups usually are not legitimate areas of legislation. The more powerful groups have other, more practical reasons for keeping marijuana illegal. Among the most powerful of these groups are the combined law enforcement-judiciary-penal systems. This group sees the elimination of marijuana laws as a threat to their jobs. Add to this group defense lawyers, who stand to make millions of dollars defending marijuana offenders. Consciously or not, they support anti-marijuana laws

Slavery Reparations Are Wrong essays

Slavery Reparations Are Wrong essays Ladies and gentlemen: I don't believe that anyone in this chamber would move to disagree with the idea that slavery was an atrocity, committed from the depths of the darkest parts of the human sole. Cruelty is the readiness to give pain to others or lack of concern for their suffering. Pertaining to exactly what the white man did to the black slaves. Slavery was not an institution of neither economical nor a paternalistic system. It was a brutal, inhumane abuse of mankind. Africans were seized from their native land, and sold into lives of servitude in a foreign land. Indeed, it was a tragedy on such a scale that cannot be measured nor quantified. And it is this very notion of tragedy, which speaks to the matter of reparations for slavery. To be quite blunt, reparations, even if they may be deserved, are not feasible under any system or economic tangent. Not only would such an undertaking not remedy the situation, but it would sink Africa and her people deeper into the cycle of poverty and oppression that they have so struggled to free themselves from. While the arguments against reparations may seem shallow or self-serving to advocates of such a system, upon examination, the logistics of what to give, and whom to distribute it to, preclude any potential benefits of such a system of indemnity and requite. The point of the following critique is not to say that Africans were not mistreated, nor that they are not worthy of reparations, but that perhaps reparations are not an adequate solution to this situation, and certainly will only serve to worsen. Aside from any philosophical or idea-based arguments against reparations, there exist a number of logistical barriers to repaying blacks for their suffering. Immediate questions arise in the realm of distribution - it is intuitive that such reparations would be difficult to distribute, much less to decide how much, or where to place the funds or assistance. The question...

Comprehensive Immigration Reform Opposition

Comprehensive Immigration Reform Opposition Arguments against Comprehensive Immigration Reform Perhaps the most widely held objection to comprehensive immigration reform is that it is amnesty  for people who have broken the law, and amnesty will only encourage more illegal immigrants to  come into the country. Opponents point to immigration reform efforts during the Reagan administration, the Immigration  Reform and Control Act of 1986, that granted amnesty to illegal immigrants. That reprieve opened  the door to a new wave of illegal migration, opponents say, and so will the plan to allow 11  million illegal residents to stay in the country. But Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., one of the Senates Gang of Eight who helped fashion the  framework for comprehensive reform, makes the case that doing nothing about the 11 million   illegal residents is in itself a de facto amnesty. Because the federal government has no  realistic capability to deport the 11 million, or to incarcerate them, there long-term residence  in the country is virtually assured. Ignoring the problem is a form of amnesty, McCain and other  reformers argue. New Reform Efforts Come With Tougher Conditions Also, unlike the amnesty provision of 1986, 2013 reform proposals impose stringent  requirements on illegal immigrants. They must learn English. They must clear background checks.   They must pay fees and taxes. And they must move to the back of the line, behind those waiting  to enter the country through the legal process. Comprehensive reform is unfair to those immigrants who are playing by the rules.Even many immigrant advocates argue that it isnt right to give the 11 million who entered the  country illegally special status that is unavailable to other immigrants who are going through  the legal process and trying to come here the right way. But President Obamas plan and the one negotiated by the Gang of Eight both require that the 11  millions pathway to citizenship starts behind those already in line. Both plans reject the idea  of expedited treatment for undocumented residents and want to reward those who have been working  their way through the legal system. These illegal immigrants will take jobs from American workers and promote a decline in wages  overall, which is bad for the U.S economy. Study after study and anecdote after anecdote have refuted these arguments. They are both   factually incorrect. First, there are tens of thousands of necessary jobs across the United States that American  workers just will not do at any price. There are also thousands of jobs that go unfilled because   no qualified American worker can be found to do them. Can U.S. Economy Run Without Foreign Labor? The reality is that immigrant labor is essential to filling necessary jobs that make the U.S.  economy run. States that have enacted harsh laws against illegal immigrants have found this out  first hand. Arizona and Alabama, in particular, endured severe damage and costly labor shortages in their agriculture  and tourism industries after passing laws designed to drive illegal immigrants out of the state. Even states without immigration laws are dependent on immigrant labor. In Florida, immigrants  are essential to agriculture and the hospitality industries. Tourism would collapse without  them. Undocumented workers have a negligible impact on the wages of documented workers that work at  the same firm, according to a paper released in March by the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.   Documented workers at firms that also employ undocumented workers earn 0.15 percent less or  $56 less per year on average than they would if they worked at a firm that does not employ  undocumented workers, according to the study. In fact, workers in retail and leisure and hospitality actually earn slightly more money when  their firms hire undocumented workers, since having more employees allows them to specialize,  according to the research paper.

Organizational Structure Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Organizational Structure Paper - Essay Example Despite the fact that they vary from one structure to another depending on the organizational objectives, organizational structures determine the particular modes involving the operation and performance of an organization. Considering the significant role played by organizational structures in determining the achievement of organizational objectives, this paper discusses IBM’s organizational structure and the various aspects attributed to it. Organizational structure has two major roles in an organization, in which it provides the foundational structure for establishing the standard operating procedures and routines and how particular individuals get to participate in the decision-making process in an extent of their view to shape the organization in a particular manner (Cordes, 2003). In such, organizational structure allows for the expressed allocation of duties and responsibilities for further actions based on functions and processes to different entities within the organization such as departments, groups, or even to individuals. A particular organizational structure used by an organization determines the organization’s success or failure. Different organizational structures exist for an organization to adopt and implement, depending on the objectives of a particular organization. IBM Inc. on its part works with a matrix organizational structure, which has both a functional and divisional aspects all incorporated into the organization’s operations. As such the functional aspects involves the grouping of individuals depending on their expertise, resources, and experiences to perform specialized tasks, whereas the divisional aspect involves divisions of operation such as product lines and markets, all channeled towards meeting IBM’s goals and objectives (Massa, 1993). Previously, IBM had a flat organizational structure, with little distinction between the executives and the lower-level employees. The matrix organizational

QI Plan Part II--Quality Data Collection Research Paper

QI Plan Part II--Quality Data Collection - Research Paper Example A large number of software packages are available in the market for recording daily hospital records. A tool as simple as excel spreadsheet can also be used to handle small amount of transactions for smaller organizations. Databases such as access can also be utilized. This would maintain a daily list of electronic records making it easy to sort, filter and backtrack any information. Health Management information systems (HMIS) can also be used to record and monitor data. This could contain supervisory data, clinic record data, drug stock-outs data, functioning of outreach services and health workers availability. The information could include internal activities, number of beds, daily admissions and discharges, number of causalities and duration of stay. Self administered surveys help in revealing characteristics of the entire population by considering large sample sizes. Many questions can be asked on a given topic and the response to them can be analyzed with flexibility. These surveys eliminate the limitations of self-administered surveys. Personal interviews are an alternative to surveys. The control of the interview is in the hands of the interviewer rather than respondent leading to better response and accuracy. The scope for confusion decreases significantly. Also the interviews are useful in cases where the interviewee is a senior executive or a leader of an organization and doesn’t have time to fill written survey (Data Collection Tools). Focus groups are used to obtain specific information which may not be possible using other methods. The focus group consists of people who exhibit a certain peculiar characteristic. For example, the satisfaction level of heart patient who went through bypass surgery in a hospital can be noted a few months after the surgery by forming their focus group. Focus groups contain 6-12 people generally. This ensures sufficient diversity in the group without compromising on attention to everyone in the group.

Patterns of Dominance Essay Example for Free

Patterns of Dominance Essay The Jews have experienced a number of atrocities in their history. Yet, they are still bound together by their Jewish identity. Although religion plays a crucial role in the lives of Jews, they are best characterized as an ethnic group facing discrimination in a lot of ways in different places. The most extreme form of anti-Semitism had been the expulsion of the Jews from various countries such as England, Spain and Portugal in previous centuries; as well as the execution of the Jews in Germany, more commonly known as the Holocaust. Although religion plays a very important role in the lives and the culture of Jews, they can still be collectively looked at as an ethnic group experiencing discrimination and outright hatred all over the world. Because For one, they still strongly adhere to a common ancestry and lineage. Jews have also managed to protect their collective identity through the years. Other religions embrace a multiplicity of ethnicity and race while the religion of Jews seems to be an extension of their ethnicity. Converts tend to be embraced by the Jewish and integrated into their ethnicity. Patterns of anti-Semitism have changed over time. Gone are the days when governments would enable rules and legislations expressly banning Jews certain rights and privileges in society. Yet, covert discrimination is still felt by Jews, especially in Europe where graffiti and verbal attacks against them proliferate. These forms of â€Å"unofficial† discrimination are more difficult to deal with than the kind which is officially sanctioned by governments (Morris, 2001). Jewish Identity in the United States In the United States, Jews have relatively more freedom as a group of people than in New York. This perception led them to migrate in waves from European countries to the United States since the early nineteenth century. Ironically, there is roughly the same number of Jews in the United States and in Israel. While the Jews represent 80 percent of the population of Israel, in the United States, they only hold two percent of the total population. In addition to this, American society is greatly diverse and Jews have a tendency to be subsumed in the mainstream culture. The American society has welcomed Jews but they are not very interested with their heritage (Langman, 1999). Due in part to the secular nature of American society, more and more Jews are de-emphasizing their Jewish roots and heritage. The American society is also highly individualistic in contrast to the emphasis of Jews on the importance of community and family. As Jews are assimilated more and more by the American society, they tend to rely less on their Jewish tradition and identity. There is less observance of religious activities and less loyalty to the concept of Jewish identity. This is further confounded by an attitude of pluralism and multiculturalism in the United States. Because of these processes, the importance of family in Jewish life cannot be underestimated. As the larger society seeks to integrate and assimilate the Jewish identity, the family remains the bastion of ethnicity socializing young Jews into their identity and enables them to look at who they are and what make them unique as Jews. As they grow up, traditions and Jewish practices are drilled into young Jews so that they understand who they are in the context of a multicultural and highly pluralistic American society. If such influence of the family weakens, then the Jewish identity also weakens. Women’s Position and Oppressed Racial and Ethnic Groups Women have been one of the oppressed and marginalized groups through history. Only recently have they been granted suffrage and equal footing with men in terms of opportunities and privileges in the society. Their situation is different from other marginalized groups in society because women oppression transcends cultures and societies all over the world. In a number of cultures and societies all over the world, women have been considered as second class citizens who cannot enjoy the same level of privileges and rights as men. These rights included access to education, freedom to choose their own lifestyle and directions in life. In addition to these, they have been subject to oppression and assault including sexual harassment and rape, pornography, illicit sex trade, and physical abuse. Women’s experience is different from racial and ethnic minorities because they are oppressed for something that is fundamental to their identity and their sex. In earlier times, they have been considered as the property of men. This experience is similar to the Black slaves who did not have rights in the American society. They were sold and treated like machinery. African Americans have been granted emancipation and their rights as citizens of the United States. Women have been granted suffrage at a later time. Women’s rights is a worldwide phenomenon and most governments have recognized the need to grant women equal rights with men. The difference with ethnic oppression is that they are confined to individual countries. Both of these oppressed minorities, however, still suffer from covert racism brought about by the social systems that favor one group over another. Women’s Rights Movements in the Twentieth Century In the twentieth century, women in the English speaking world have become more active in fighting for equal rights. From issues of suffrage and equal opportunities for work, the women’s rights movement or feminist movement has come to embrace added issues that affect the situation of women in society. Such issues include access to employment opportunities, promotion at work and access to various services at work to accommodate their situation. The issue of abortion and the choice of women in keeping their babies or not is another hotly debated issue in women’s civil rights in the twenty first century. Women’s situation at work is different from men because women go through different life stages and processes that may appear to disrupt their work. They get pregnant and have to file maternity leaves. After that, they also have to nurse their babies and make sure that they grow up. Because of this reason and other systems of overt and covert discrimination, men tend to be promoted to higher positions more than women. In the United States, more women tend to work and this has also affected the American family. For one, women have to look after their work as much as men, yet they also have to be mothers and look after the babies as they grow up. With increasing work demands, it becomes more difficult for women to balance their time with their families. In addition to this, highly driven women may even put their career over their family. Such attitude clashes with the traditional view that women should be at home looking after the kids and how they grow up. In the long run, if the husband will become dissatisfied, then divorce and separation may ensue. Stereotyping of the Aged, People with Disabilities and Gays and Lesbians The tendency for the dominant group in the society is to stereotype marginalized groups in the society. Age people tend to be seen as weak and bordering on being obsolete and anachronistic. This is because they lack the usual energy and technological savvy of younger workers. As a result of this stereotype, they are being replaced by younger employees. People with disabilities on the other hand, tend to generate sympathy but at the same time discrimination. Through the special treatment that shown to them, they are in effect being told that they cannot do the activities and the things that people without disabilities could do. Gays and lesbians, on the other hand, tend to be seen from the dominant moral code in the society. As such, they are judged too often as immoral persons in the society and should therefore be despised. When people despise them, their good side is often disregarded completely. To combat unfair practices at work and in the society, the aged, people with disabilities and gays and lesbians should be mobilized so that they can protect their rights. Of these groups, however, gays and lesbians tend to be the most empowered because they are relatively braver in banding together and fighting for their rights. The aged and the persons with disabilities tend to be silent about their experiences. As such, they cannot effectively fight for their rights. Furthermore, gays and lesbians tend to be more educated in regards to their rights so they have better leverage than the aged and the persons with disabilities in fighting for their rights. The dominant group in the society can make it harder for these people to band together so that they can effectively fight for their rights.

Cannibals and Vampires in Aeschylus and ONeill :: Biography Biographies Essays

Cannibals and Vampires in Aeschylus and O'Neill    Aeschylus and Eugene O'Neill have populated their trilogies with cannibals and vampires. Family members feed off one another both literally and figuratively. For the houses of both Agamemnon and Ezra Mannon, this bloodlust is insatiable and inherited, an inescapable curse. A family curse provides the dramatic force necessary to push characters toward pivotal actions and events. At the conclusion of both trilogies the curse is finally broken (or at the very least supplanted). While O'Neill and Aeschylus articulate the destructive and violent effects of the curse in similar terms, each playwright breaks the curse to achieve distinctly different thematic goals. The curse is described and decentered in order to be critiqued.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both families attempt to consume themselves. A desire for revenge, to enforce a personal code of justice, carries the family curse from generation to generation. The house of Agamemnon is virtually born out of cannibalism. Tantalus, the founder of the house, is tormented eternally in Hades for feeding the gods the flesh of his sons Pelops. Much later, Agamemnon himself is held accountable for his father's cannibalism by Aegisthus. Aegisthus' desire for revenge is overshadowed only by Clytemnestra's thirst for her husband's blood. She speaks of his corpse as a sacrificial animal and likens his blood to wine. Compelled by Apollo, Orestes also carries the curse. He was fed by his mother's milk as a child but now he will only be satisfied with his mother's flesh. Only Orestes and Electra survive.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Mannon family implodes, leaving only one survivor, Lavinia. The Mannon's self destructive hunger has a sexual tension absent in the Greek trilogy. This incestuous obsession reiterates the self perpetuating nature of their legacy of hatred and violence. They too feed off each others' suffering, yet there is an almost symbiotic need for each member to survive. More like vampires than cannibals, they drain their victims slowly over time. However, no Mannon thrives from this practice. As the action of the play unfolds Ezra and Christine are drained and cast aside. Their deaths, coupled with Orin's death which follows, bring greater suffering to Lavinia not release from responsibility as she might have hoped. Like Orestes she is both an agent and a victim of her family's curse.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though achieved by different methods, judgment is passed in each play. The family curse will not claim another generation.

Cirque

Performers tend to have short racers: the attrition rate Is about 20 per cent a year, whether through Injury or simply deciding It is time to retire. How do you renew the talent pool? The solution. Thirty talent scouts are listed on the Cirque website, and many of them are specialists In specific skills, such as sling or gymnastics and acrobatics. Sources of recruits Include the Olympic Games, the Mongolia State Circus and world championship athletics competitions. Auditions, described by Cirque a â€Å"treasure hunting†, are demanding and can last up to two days.After Minimal screening, potential secrets must demonstrate not just technical proficiency but range. After a long audition, dancers must then show their acting, improvisation and singing skills. Once identified as â€Å"Cirque people†, performers' names are added to the Cirque database to await a suitable role. Then the hard work really starts: they are drilled in their new craft at â€Å"boot camps† fo r up to four months before their first performance. Nevertheless, the Cirque â€Å"immersion programmer† aims to bring out the best in an individual.Key to the transformation process are mentors – veterans who guide new artists and get to know them. Cirque describes itself as a â€Å"family†, a â€Å"band of brothers†. Reinvention is a constant theme. Having redefined the traditional â€Å"big top† circus in the 1 sass, Mr.. Illiberal © keeps audiences loyal and attracts new ones by always offering something different. In the 2006 show Love, Cirque du Sole performs to the music of The Battles. A collaboration between Cirque, producer George Martin – â€Å"the fifth Battle† – and his son Giles, Love is still running at The Mirage in Lass Vegas.A new production is nearly always under way. Each show looks for a new theme, so the repertoire ranges from aquatics (O) to The Battles (Love) to martial arts (KS). The lessons. Managers must plan ahead. Hence, scouts are always sourcing new recruits In order to fill anticipated skills gaps. New techniques are developed constantly. Revealingly, acrobat mentor And © Similar, whose innovations Include a new safety line for aerial acrobatics, is not called creative director but research and development specialist.The focus Is also on constantly devising new content In the form of new themes and concepts. For Instance, for K, Mr.. Albert © asked Robert Leafage, the playwright, director and actor, to craft a show around martial arts. The company develops new products (shows) all the time. Because a show takes so long to create – recruiting performers, devising music, costumes and Infrastructure – It looks ahead to develop tomorrows performers and staging today.Cirque By appending audience, Cirque must do two things: continue to come up with spectacular ideas; careers: the attrition rate is about 20 per cent a year, whether through injury or imply decid ing it is time to retire. How do you renew the talent pool? The specialists in specific skills, such as singing or gymnastics and acrobatics. Sources of recruits include the Olympic Games, the Mongolia State Circus and world hunting†, are demanding and can last up to two days. After initial screening, potential recruits must demonstrate not Just technical proficiency but range. After a long artists and get to know them.Cirque describes itself as a â€Å"family', a â€Å"band of circus in the asses, Mr.. Illiberal © keeps audiences loyal and attracts new ones by he repertoire ranges from aquatics (O) to The Battles (Love) to martial arts (K). The in order to fill anticipated skills gaps. New techniques are developed constantly. Revealingly, acrobat mentor And © Similar, whose innovations include a new safety development specialist. The focus is also on constantly devising new content in the form of new themes and concepts. For instance, for K, Mr.. Illiberal © asked Rob ert to create – recruiting performers, devising music, costumes and infrastructure – it

Music: a Magicful Medicine

Music:A Magicful Medicine Fine arts always have been a good way to express oneself for thousand years. One of them is a magical and a powerful way to affect people,both negatively and positively. Music is not just a way to fun or just an art. Almost everyone loves it,some of them say that they can not live without it. However,above all,music is able to do many things. There are a lot of ways that music effects people. As it was mentioned above, music has both negative and possitive effects on us. But these effects are usually possitive.First of all, and it is the most interesting affect maybe, it can cure diseases. Of course it can not be as effective as pills but it really helps during the cure. Due to the fact that music has an enormous affect on humain brain, it helps Alzheimers mostly and it is used as a rehabilitation. It reduces the worst effect of the disease: it brings back the lost memories. Until today, a lot of patients made a good progress by listening to music. In additi on, music also repairs patients’ brains damage, like ‘Kenny Roger Effect’. It is a vacation that shows how music can repair a human brain. Because songs by country performer Rogers were among the stroke patients’ preferred tunes,we were thinking of calling this the Kenny Rogers Effect. ’ was said in an interview by Dr Soto. And interestingly, Rogers’ songs also provided the greatest benefits, according to some study findings. Another disease which music can be used as a cure is cancer, maybe the most dangerous one ever. Just like in Alzheimer, there are a lot of good examples which can prove music’s effects on cancer. Firstly, it reduces stress and makes people feel more cheerful.We all know that what kind of songs we listen to can change our mood easily, we can suddenly start crying or feeling better just by listening to music. During the cancer rehabilitation, patients’ moods, feelings and thoughts are very important. Music ca n raise patients’ spirit and help them to feel better and less stressful. On the other hand, music is a very good way to learn and understand easily. Because of that, it can be applied education, especially in childhood. Music helps children during their education life. It is a really effective way to make a good progress in education.According to the last researches, children who play a musical instrument are more succesful in their school life than the others. The reason is simple: Playing an instrument makes a lot of parts of your brain work at the same time which is a very beneficial thing,especially for children. By the same token, children who interest in music are also more succesful than the others. There are two benefits of music for children. First, it helps them to understand easily. Today, people goes courses to understand and concentrate quickly. Because by just listening a song (a special song of course) you can do this.Classic music for example is a good altern ative. Listening a song from Beethoven can make your brain waves decelerate and this is one of the ways to improve your brain’s capasity. Another good effect of music is that it can improve intelligence. We all have seen a Mozart cd for babies or children at least for once. It is because there are so many examples of listening classic music can improve babies intelligence especially during the pregnancy. The works of Mozart and Beethoven are famous for mental function, because the frequencies used are very specific and place the mind in highly distinctive states.Studies have repeatedly shown that babies IQ rises by 3-5 points. Classic music also can make the memory stronger –not for just babies for everyone- and a strong memory is a good proof of an intelligence. To sum up, listening to music is just a free-time activity for a lot of people but in fact it is like a magical medicine for us. It has unbelievable effects on our body and brain and today these effects are be ing used as cures for cancer and Alzheimer. In other words, music is like a gift for people. Birnur Sahin Section:22 28/12/12

Analysis of A Good Man is Hard to Find essays

Analysis of A Good Man is Hard to Find essays Flannery O'Connor's "A Good Man is Hard to Find" is character driven. First, she introduces the characters in a way that allows the reader to see and understand the character. Yet her use of characterization is more than introducing the character to the reader. She effectively uses her characters to symbolize truth, the human problem which is universal. Through characterization she gives her work vitality, allowing the work to take on a life of its own. In "A Good Man is Hard to Find," O'Connor gives the role of symbolizing truth and the role of adding vitality to the piece through the use of the main character of the story, the grandmother. Flannery O'Connor's characters in "A Good Man is Hard to Find" are amusing and typical of the rural South. However the characters are shallow and seem void of any sort of spirituality. She describes the characters in her stories as "poor, afflicted in both mind and body, [with] little-or at best a distorted sense of spiritual purpose" (Polter). Besides using characterization as metaphors to other things, she successfully uses the technique to make readers feel as if they are in the same room with the person. Her descriptions are not flowery and are woven into the story at the precise point where a trait or physical description should be made known to the reader. She also uses other characters to help paint a picture Examples of characterization of the grandmother that gives the readers a firm view of the person begins in the first sentence of the story, O'Connor introduces the grandmother with, "the grandmother didn't want to go to Florida. She wanted to visit some of her connections in Tennessee. . ." (O'Connor 117). From this passage, O'Connor is introducing her readers to a woman who tries to control the family, but does not. O'Connor also describes the grandmother in the first paragraph though use of dialog. Readers immedi...

Family Relationships Role-Plays English Lesson

Family Relationships Role-Plays English Lesson Using dialogues in class allows students to work on a wide range of skills. Asking students to write up their own role-plays can extend the activity to include written work, creative development, idiomatic expressions, and so on. This sort of activity is perfect for upper-intermediate to advanced level students. This family role-play lesson focuses on relationships between family members. If your students need help developing their family-related vocabulary you, use this exploring relationships vocabulary sheet to provide help. Aim: Consolidate skills through role-play creationActivity: Creation and in-class performance of role-plays related to family relationshipsLevel: Upper-intermediate to advanced Lesson Outline Use this activity as a larger theme-related objective focusing on vocabulary and communication skills related to family relationships.Quickly review the language of compromise. Write helpful phrases and expressions on the board so the students can reference these later in the activity.Pair up students. Ask them to imagine various scenarios that could lead to interesting discussions in the family.Hand out the role-play sheet and ask students to choose a scenario from those provided. If students are not interested in any of the provided role-play situations, ask them to use one of the scenarios they came up with in the warm-up activity.Have students write out their role-play.Assist students checking their grammar, suggesting alternate appropriate phrases and vocabulary.Allow students ample time to practice their role-play. If they can manage to memorize the role-play, the final performance will most likely be much more entertaining and instructive for all involved.Students perform thei r role-plays for the entire class. As a follow-up activity, ask students to choose one of the role-plays they were not involved in and write up a short summary of the conversation. Family Role-Plays Choose a role-play from one of the following scenarios. Write it up with your partner, and perform it for your classmates. Your writing will be checked for grammar, punctuation, spelling, etc., as will your participation, pronunciation, and interaction in the role-play. The role-play should last at least 2 minutes. You are a student at an English institute outside of your country. You’d like your parents to send you some more spending money. Telephone your father (your partner in the role-play) and ask for more money. Your father feels that you are spending too much money. Come to a compromise.You are visiting your cousin (your partner) whom you haven’t seen in a long time. Catch up on all the news from your two families, as well as from your own lives.You are a student who has improved at school, but your mother/father (your partner) doesn’t feel that you have done enough. Discuss together what you can do to improve your grades, but also recognize your increased efforts.You are the aunt/uncle of your partner. Your partner wants to ask you about what life was like with your brother (your partner’s father) when you were both teenagers. Have a discussion about the old times.You would like to get married to a man/woman your parents do not approve of. Have a discussion w ith your mother/father (your partner) about your plans. Try to break the news gently, while still maintaining your desire to get married. You are having a discussion with your husband/wife (your partner) about your son who is having problems at school. Accuse each other of not being a good parent, but try to come to a conclusion that will help your child.You are a technological wizard and have a new idea for a great startup on the internet. Try to convince your father to fund your business with a $100,000 loan. Your partner will be your father who is very skeptical about your idea because he thinks you should be a doctor.

Understanding Challenges In The Third Sector Essay - 5

Understanding Challenges In The Third Sector - Essay Example Gettler (2007) suggests that voluntary organizations play a role in increasing public service delivery but the role of developing volunteer skills is a challenge to many of these organizations. Measurement of potential leaders in these organizations lies in the level of education they hold and not the skills they have acquired over time. Nurturing volunteer skills to produce skilled leaders is a good thing since it will make the provision of services to be efficient due to the involvement of highly skilled personnel. The public should realize that leaders in voluntary organizations do not have to have achieved MBAs to acquire leadership skills. The public has little knowledge on how modern charities work because of the ignorance and assumptions that we create for ourselves. The public should get more information concerning the organizational services offered, the people who work in these organizations and those who are paid and those who are not so as to know the organizational budgets (Gettler, 2007). Reducing the charities’ perception to the public based on warm feelings rather than evidence of good work will help us to understand more on the kind of services provided by the third sector. According to Gettler (2007) charities have a role to play in the public service delivery but not all public services and people need to have a good understanding of where the charities can deliver better services than the public sector and where it cannot. â€Å"It does not matter if the cat is black or white as long as it catches the mouse† Deng Xiao Ping (Evers and Laville, 2004). A leaf should be borrowed from this sayi ng to suggest that it does not matter who delivers the service as long as it is effectively delivered. Growing income and raising funds is one of the major challenges facing the third sector as a whole due to the fact that most organizations want to grow in their incomes since they tend to do

Discuss point of view in Walkers Everyday Use . Is the narrator Essay

Discuss point of view in Walkers Everyday Use . Is the narrator reliable How does the point of view affect our assessment of the other characters in the - Essay Example The Mother appreciated her modest yard as the following quote shows, â€Å"anyone can come and sit and look up into the elm tree and wait for the breezes that never come inside the house† (Walker, 1998). Yet the Mother could also face the tragedy in her life, like when her daughter was burned. This is proven by the quote, â€Å"Sometimes I can still hear the flames and feel Maggies arms sticking to me, her hair smoking and her dress falling off her in little black papery flakes (Walker, 1998). She did not sugar coat the events in her life by making them appear better or more tragic than they were. This view of her life makes the Mother’s narrative believable. The Mother’s choice of words when describing herself and her daughters also make the narrative plausible. When describing herself, she is far from flattering by saying, â€Å"In real life I am a large, big.boned woman with rough, man.working hands† (Walker, 1998). Her daughter Maggie, who had been burned in the fire, was described as â€Å"a lame animal, perhaps a dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car, sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind to him† (Walker, 1998). The Mother’s other daughter, Dee, receives more of her venom. She is illustrated as pretentious, always wanting to be better than her Mother and Maggie. These descriptions are blunt, so make the story more credible. Using the descriptions of her daughters, the Mother makes the reader feel sorry for Maggie and contemptuous of Dee. When relating Maggie’s acceptance of her fate, by marrying a local boy because of her self esteem being damaged by her burns, the reader admires and pities Maggie. On the other hand, when Dee comes home with a new African name, trying to relate to her African roots, her Mother is disgusted. Dee’s real roots were there at their home with the Mother and Maggie, but her exaggerated ways make the

Garbage in china Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Garbage in china - Essay Example ident starting from Hong Kong to other places such as Bolou and Tonghzou are against the idea of government coming up with incineration facilities to manage this garbage. Protests are order of the day whenever the governments set up to build such a facility. In this regard, this research paper seeks to find an answer to the question what is the most appropriate way of managing the thousands of tonnes of garbage produced in China each day? The research argues out that incineration is the best alternative to manage garbage in China as it not only reduces the waste in landfills, but also offers opportunities for the generation of additional electric power to be fed in the countries power grid system. Handling waste, which is a result of a rapidly growing middle class and per annum double-digit economic expansion over the last decade, stands out as one of the most prominent challenges China’s urban planners contend with. While most of the garbage, which range from food waste to construction rubble and plastic packaging, is dumped in landfills, policy makers are gradually embracing incineration as volumes step-up, in spite of spirited protests from some residents and environmentalists. In a You Tube video posted by D (English)Beijing’s urban enlargement has resulted to the trash problem getting even closer to homes. Landfill fields that once occupied the city’s outskirts where a majority of the city’s migrant workers resided now sit in the center of the urban conurbation that has developed around them. According to Shapiro, while China generates rubbish to a lesser extent on per capita basis relative to other economies such as the United States, its cum ulative generation, at approximately 300 million tones every year, according to academic studies, is the largest in the globe, and still on an upward trend. Beijing’s population produces 23,000 tonnes of garbage each day, an equivalent of nine fully filled standard-sized swimming pools for Olympic Games.

Illegal Forest Acticvities In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

Illegal Forest Acticvities In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay Malaysia is a tropical country which consists of three regions: Peninsular Malaysia and the two Borneo states of Sabah and Sarawak. According to Forest Statistic Information for the Year 2009 from Official Website Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, the forested area in Peninsular Malaysia is 5.89 million hectares from overall Peninsular Malaysia Area which is 13.18 million hectares. McMorrow Talip (2001: 217, citing Wood 1990) have pointed out that, based on its performance up till the end of the 1980s; Malaysia is one of the 14 major countries with over 250,000 hectares deforested annually. They added that by the late 1980s half of the forest area in Peninsular Malaysia and a fifth in Borneo had gone. A variety of factors contribute to this state of affairs. When deforestation and forest degradation became critical issues, shifting cultivation was singled out by the governments, and particularly by the Sarawak government, as the main cause of forest loss. Yet, it has since been established that forest degradation due to shifting cultivators is minor (Cramb 1989; Jomo et.al. 2004; Nicholas 2003). The major causes of the decline in forest area and quality include commercial logging, agricultural development, dams and resettlement. To look deeply into the matter of the role of authority from land office and forest department to prevent illegal occupation in the forest, the author will give some definitions about forest, illegal forest activities which include illegal occupation of forestlands, illegal logging, etc. The laws such as National Land Code1965 and National Forestry Act 1984 that involve illegal occupation in forest have to be defined. Forest management or sustainable forest management also has to be defined to find out overview of forest law enforcement and system monitoring in Malaysia. Since the respondents of study are authorities from land office and forestry department, hence the functions, roles or responsibilities also need to be defined. 2.2 Definition 2.2.1 Forest According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, forest is a large area of land that is thickly covered with trees. While in Cambridge Advance Learners Dictionary, forest is defined as a large area of land covered with trees and plants, usually larger than a wood, or the trees and plants themselves. Forest is a problematic and hybrid category. As defined in FRA2000, it is a combination of a land-cover class and a land-use class: it relates not only to the presence of trees of over 5m and 10% canopy cover, but also to the absence of other land uses such as agriculture. It includes areas normally forming part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked but which are expected to revert to forest (FAO Forestry Department, 1998, p. 3). Further complications stem from changes in minimum size of area included (0.5 ha in FRA2000, compared with 100 ha in FRA1990). Rubber plantations were included as plantations in FRA2000 but not in FRA1990. And while a uniform definition was employed in FRA2000, it has not become a global standard: discussion continued thereafter (FAO, 2002), and a different one has been agreed for reporting on the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC, 2002). Even if a single definition is agreed, as in FRA2000, problems remain and indeed may become even more insidious because they are less obvious. At the country level, data are collected according to national definitions, and have to be adjusted to the international one Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 showed that forests cover 31 percent of total land area. The worlds total forest area is just over 4 billion hectares, which corresponds to an average of 0.6 ha per capita. The five most forest-rich countries (the Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China) account for more than half of the total forest area. Ten countries or areas have no forest at all and an additional 54 have forest on less than 10 percent of their total land area. Carol Yong (2006) revealed that the official definition of a forest used in Malaysia differs from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) definition, which excludes areas under agricultural crops (e.g. oil palm). In Malaysia, however, the areas under oil palm, rubber and tree crops are frequently regarded as forest. The question of the definition of forests is particularly significant in the Malaysian context where the Malaysian forests are rapidly disappearing and, conversely, forest plantations areas are expanding. Malaysian Timber Council (2008) draws our attention that in the year 2006, Malaysia has 32.95 million hectares of land area, of which 24.60 million hectares or 74.7 percent of total land area are classified as total area under tree cover. Of these, 18.5 million hectares are forested area and 6.25 million hectares are other tree cops. Of the total area under tree cover, 8.96 million hectares (36.42 per cent) are found in Sarawak, 11.23 million hectares (45.65 per cent) are found in Peninsular Malaysia and 4.41 million hectares (17.93 per cent) in Sabah. Sabah claims it has the least area under tree cover. S. Mather (1990) in Zalinda Binti Muhammad (2003) and Norisah Binti Kasim (2006) stated that forest is one spectrum which has natural elements like product of the forest, flora and fauna, etc. Area of all the forest that has been identified at the middle of decade 1980 is more than 4000 million hectare or 31 percent of surface of the earth. According to S.M. Mohd Idris who is the director of Sahabat Alam Malaysia (SAM) or Friends of the Earth Malaysia (1987) in Norisah Binti Kasim (2006), he stated that forests offer protective roles against environmental changes. The complex role played by forest in the heat and water balance of the earth is undeniable. At the local level, the forest cover breaks the impact of heavy rainstorms on the soil, reduces and slows down surface run off, and minimizes soil erosion as well as situation of the drainage systems. Flash floods and prolonged floods in many areas of the topical world are increasingly attributable to extensive clearance of forested areas. 2.2.2 Unlawful Occupation According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, the meaning of occupation is the act of living in or using a building, room, piece of land, etc. Meanwhile the meaning of unlawful is not allowed by the law or synonym with illegal. Therefore unlawful occupation can be defined as the act of living in or using a building, room, piece of land, etc which is against the law. 2.2.3 Illegal Forest Activities Illegal forest activities is a broad term that includes illegal logging; it is used to refer to activities broader than just harvesting, which is, transport, processing and trade (Smith, 2002). Brack and Hayman (2001) also mention that illegalities may also occur during transport, including illegal processing and export, misdeclaration to customs, and avoidance of taxes and other monies. Illegal forest activities include all illegal acts related to forest ecosystems, forest industries, and timber and non-timber forest products. They include acts related to the establishment of rights to the land and corrupt activities used to acquire forest concessions. Illegal acts include unauthorized occupation of public and private forestlands, logging in protected or environmentally sensitive areas, harvesting protected species of trees, woodland arson, wildlife poaching, unlawful transport of wood and other forest products, smuggling, transfer pricing and other fraudulent accounting practices, unauthorized processing of forest products, violation of environmental regulations, and bribing government officials (Contreras-Hermosilla 2002a) There are many types of illegal forest practices like public servants may approve illegal contracts with private enterprise. Private commercial corporations may harvest trees of species that are protected by law from timber exploitation. Individuals and communities may enter public forest and illegally take products that are public property. Illegal activities do not stop at the forest. They travel down the line to operations in transportation, processing and trade of forest products. Individuals or corporations may smuggle forest products across international borders or process raw forest materials without a license. Corporations with strong international links may artificially inflate the price of imported inputs or deflate the volume and prices of their exports to reduce their tax liability and to facilitate the illegal transfer of capital abroad (FAO 2001). Contreras-Hermosilla presents examples of illegal activities in the forestry sector, grouped into six categories: illegal occupation of forestlands; illegal logging; arson; illegal timber trade and transport, and timber smuggling; transfer pricing and other illegal accounting practices; and illegal forest processing that shown in Table 1 below. Illegal occupation of forestlands à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Invasion of public forested lands by either rural families, communities or private corporations to convert them to agriculture or cattle ranching à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Practice of slash-and-burn agriculture on invaded lands à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Landless peasants illegally occupying forested areas to force governments to grant land ownership rights to them and these governments buying lands from peasants. Illegal logging à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Logging protected species à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Duplication of felling licenses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Girdling or ring-barking, to kill trees so that they can be legally logged à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Contracting with local entrepreneurs to buy logs from protected areas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Logging in protected areas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Logging outside concession boundaries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Logging in prohibited areas such as steep slopes, riverbanks and water catchments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Removing under-/over-sized trees from public forests à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Extracting more timber than authorized à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reporting high volume extracted in forest concessions to mask the fact that part of the volume declared is extracted from non-authorized boundaries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Logging without authorization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Obtaining logging concessions through bribes. Woodlands arson à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Setting woodlands on fire to convert them to commercial uses. Illegal timber transport, trade and timber smuggling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transporting logs without authorization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Transporting illegally harvested timber à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Smuggling timber à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Exporting and importing tree species banned under international law, such as CITES à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Exporting and importing timber in contravention of national bans. Transfer pricing and other illegal accounting practices à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Declaring lower values and volumes exported à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Declaring purchase prices higher than the prevailing market prices as equipment or services from related companies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Manipulating debt cash flows to transfer money to a subsidiary or parent company, such as inflating debt repayment to avoid taxes on profits à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Under-grading, under-valuing, under-measuring and misclassification of species exported or for the local market. Illegal forest processing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Operating without a processing license à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ignoring environmental and social and labour laws and regulations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using illegally obtained wood in industrial processing. Table 3: Examples of illegal practices in the forestry sector The World Bank estimates that loss of revenue caused by illegal forest activities throughout the world is worth US$5 billion annually. Illegal forest activities occur in tropical, temperate and boreal forests. Illegal forest activities abound in many countries, for example: * In Indonesia, as much as 50 million cubic meters of timber are estimated to be illegally cut-down each year. * At least one-fifth of Russias annual timber harvest is taken illegally, and illegal harvesting may account for as much as 50 percent of the total in East Asia. * In Cambodia in 1997, the volume of illegally harvested logs was ten times that of the legal harvest. * In Cameroon and Mozambique about half of the total annual timber harvest is illegal. * In Brazil, an estimated 80 percent of timber extracted each year in the Amazon is removed illegally. 2.2.4 Illegal Logging Illegal logging has no single definition. It is not a legal term derived from treaties, statutes, or court opinions. Neither is it a technical term that professionals use in a consistent way. In a general sense, illegal logging takes place when timber is harvested, transported, bought or sold in violation of national laws (Black and Hayman 2001). This broad definition includes almost any illegal act that may occur between the growing of the tree and the arrival of the forest-based product in the hands of the consumer(Rosenbaum 2003) There are usually no explicit definitions for illegal logging. In practice, the definition can be derived from the legal violations that are reported on in the national statistics concerning illegal logging. This does not necessarily mean that other types of violations would be ignored; they may simply be recorded under different headings. In broad terms, the various legal violations associated with illegal logging can be divided into eight groups: (i) theft, (ii) unauthorized harvesting, (iii) non-compliance with regulations related to timber harvesting, (iv) non-compliance with the procedure of timber sales/concession award, (v) manipulation of timber data, (vi) evasion of taxes and fees, (vii) non-compliance with regulations concerning transport or export of timber, and (vii) noncompliance with labor laws Typically, the statistics on illegal logging in the countries involved in the study refer to violations which involve physical removal of trees i.e. theft, unauthorized harvestin g and noncompliance with cutting regulations. Corruption in connection with timber harvesting is not recorded under illegal logging unless it involves physical removal of trees. All types of violations in the above list except theft could involve corruption. Based on interviews with various stakeholders in the countries involved in the study, noncompliance with labor laws is perceived to be only weakly linked to illegal logging. Sector-specific records are not maintained and forest administration is not involved in enforcement activities. The illegal logging phenomenon is neither new nor uncontested by the government. It started in the years prior to the social economic reform; it reached the peak in 1997 and continues to date. From this point of view, the illness has not infected only one sector but has extended its roots into other sectors of the economy, and the cure for this illness requires the intersectoral cooperation of public administration, not denying here the interested community and the work of the economic and environmental NGOs. 2.3 Forest Management Forest management is the branch of forestry concerned with the overall administrative, economic, legal, and social aspects and with the essentially scientific and technical aspects, especially silviculture, protection, and forest regulation. This includes management for aesthetics, fish, recreation, urban values, water, wilderness, wildlife, wood products, forest genetic resources and other forest resource values. Management can be based on conservation, economics, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of various species, cutting roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire. Formal forest management in Malaysia was introduced in 1901 by the British colonial administration with the creation of a forest department. The department was involved in forestry botany, silvicultural practice, policy formulation and forest preservation. Forestry policies formulated by the British in the 1920s and 1930s were consolidated as the National Forestry Policy (NFP) in 1978 to ensure orderly implementation of forest management, conservation and development across all states. This is because land and forest in Malaysia are strictly state matters. The ad hoc forest management policy practiced by each state makes monitoring and control of forest resources at the federal level difficult. The National Forestry Act (NFA) of 1984 provides for orderly harvesting, renewal and conservation of trees at the sustainable yield level. 2.3.1 Significance of Forest Management 2.3.2 Sustainable Forest Management Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is the way of management in which growth exceeds timber harvest, now also encompasses economics, environmental and social qualities that contribute to the sustainability of forest dependent communities and ecosystems as well as the forest itself. Malaysia has a plan more environmentally-friendly and responsible business practices. This will help reduce operating costs in the long-run and is a wise investment in the future, safeguarding the natural resources depending on corporations and communities. For example, local corporations in forest industries are joining WWFs Global Forest and Trade Network. They are targeting European and US markets, where consumers are increasingly demanding wood products from sustainably managed forests (WWF-Malaysia, 2008). According to International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, 1992), sustainable forest management is the process of managing forests to achieve one or more clearly specified objectives of management with regard to the production of a continuous flow of desired forest products and services, without undue reduction of its inherent value and future productivity, and without undue undesirable effects on the physical and social environments. FAO (1993) defines it as one which ensures that the values derived from forest meet present day needs while at the same time ensuring their continued availability and utilization to long-term development needs. Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is impossible to achieve if a country does not have a management system. In this regard, the use of more systematic approach in managing the forests in Peninsular Malaysia began in 1901 when the first forest officer was appointed (Ismail, 1996). Since then, forest management practices in Peninsular Malaysia had been subjected to constant review and refinement so as to ensure their suitability in achieving forest renewal and sustained yield. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 report has provides a comprehensive overview of the results of FRA 2010 grouped according to seven themes, covering key aspects of sustainable forest management: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Extent of forest resources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Forest biological diversity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Forest health and vitality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Protective functions of forest resources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Productive functions of forest resources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Socio-economic functions of forests à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Legal, policy and institutional framework 2.4 Legal Framework The forestry policies are implemented primarily through the provisions in the forest laws enacted for the three regions: National Forestry Act 1984 for Peninsular Malaysia, Forest Ordinance 1958 for Sarawak and Forest Enactment 1968 for Sabah, and the various amendments by the States. The other related regulations that affect forestry for Peninsular Malaysia include the Land Conservation Act 1960, Environmental Quality Act 1974, National Parks Act 1980, Protection of Wildlife Act 1972, National Land Code 1965, Aboriginal Peoples Act 1954, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Forest Rules 1985. For Sabah, the relevant regulations include Forest Rules 1969, Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1977, Land Ordinance 1930, Cultural Heritage (Conservation) 1997, Sabah Parks Enactment 1984, Biodiversity Enactment 2000, Conservation of Environment Enactment 1996, Water Resource Enactment 1998, and Environmental Quality Act 1974. Sarawak has the Natural Resources and Environment Ordinance 1 997, Forest Rules 1962, Wildlife Protection Ordinance and Rules 1998, The Forests (Planted Forest) Rules 1997, Sarawak Biodiversity Centre Ordinance 1997, Sarawak Biodiversity (Access, Collection Research Regulations) 1998, Land Code 1958, Natural Resource and Environmental Ordinance, Water Ordinance 1994, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Land Ordinance 1952, Native Code 1992, Native Code Rules 1996, and Native Custom Declaration 1996. 2.4.1 The laws 2.4.1.1 Malaysian Constitution Forests are under the responsibility of the states as enshrined in the Malaysian Federal Constitution. Under Article 74(12) of the Federal Constitution, land and forest ownership and management is the responsibility of the State governments. Each state has control over how they use and protect their forest resources then come up with their own policies. For example, Sarawak governs under the Sarawak Forest Ordinance of 1954 while Sabah operates under the Sabah Forest Enactment of 1968. The executive authority of the Federal Government only extends to the provision of advice and technical assistance to the States includes help with forest management, training of personnel, conduct of research and demonstration or experimental stations unless the State agrees to delegate some of their authority to the Federal Government. However, the Federal Government is responsible for trade policies, import and export controls and international cooperation among others. Under the provision of Article 74 Clause (2) of the Malaysian Constitution, land and forest are defined as state matters and are thus within the jurisdiction of the respective State Governments. Clause (3) of Article 76 of the Malaysian Constitution ensures that all Acts related to land and forest shall not come into force in a State unless it has been adopted by a law made by the legislature of the State. As such each State is empowered to enact laws on forestry and to formulate forest policy independently. The executive authority of the Federal Government only extends to the provision of advice and technical assistance to the States, training and the conduct of research, and in the maintenance of experimental and demonstration stations. 2.4.1.2 National Forest Policy Upon independence from the British in 1957, the Colonial Office returned the forests to Malaysia. In 1958, with provisions under the Federal Constitution, the National Land Council (NLC) was formed for coordinating State and Federal policies and objectives covering land use, mining, forestry and agriculture to formulate from time to time in consultation with the Federal Government, the State Governments and the National Finance Council a national policy for the promotion and control of the utilisation of land throughout the Federation the development of natural resources was therefore perceived piecemeal, rather than holistically (Kathirithamby-Wells 2005: 267). The first step to protecting the forest resources in Malaysia was the formation of the National Forestry Council (NFC) in December 1971. The goal of the NFC was to create coordinated plans and effectively manage Malaysians forests. The NFC is made up of the Chief Ministers from all 13 states. Later, this body created the groundwork for the formation of the National Forestry Policy (NFP). This policy was officially adopted by the Malaysian government in 1978. This policy recognizes the importance of forests for the welfare of both individual communities and that nation itself. Malaysia has dedicated itself to sustainable timber yield practices. The National Forest Policy for Peninsular Malaysia of 1978 was revised in 1992 to incorporate several new elements, one of which is on the importance of forest law enforcement. In this revised policy statements, it was emphasized that the State Governments through their respective State Director Forestry must judicially implement the National Forest Act 1984 (Revised 1993) to ensure sustainable forest resource management and conservation. 2.4.1.3 National Forestry Act 1984 An Act to provide for the administration, management and conservation of forests and forestry development within the States of Malaysia and for connected purposes. There is the amendment to National Forestry Act 1984 in 1993 to provide for stiffer penalties for illegal logging and enlisting the Police and Armed Forces to assist the Forestry Departments in carrying out enforcement to curb illegal logging, timber theft and encroachments. The key measure taken by the Government to prevent forest crime was by amending the National Forestry Act, 1984 to incorporate new provisions to deter the occurrence of forest offenses. The Act was enacted to update and harmonize forest law in the Peninsula. Prior to the Act, the various State governments depend on the State Forest Enactments, which were formulated in 1930s, for legal guidelines on forest management and conservation. The Act also enables the effective implementation of the National Forestry Policy passed in 1978. It was amended in 1993 to further strengthen its provisions to curb illegal encroachment of forests and theft of timber. The Act has been adopted by all the states in Peninsular Malaysia. The main objectives of amending the Act are as follows: i) To increase the penalties and tighten the procedures in compounding forest offences ii) To transfer burden of proof from the prosecutor to the defense in the court iii) To delegate power in writing by State Director of Forestry under section 88, 89, 90, 92 or 93 to any member of the armed forces not below the rank of Lance Corporal as empowered to the police but shall not include the power of investigation iv) To add new sections 100A and 100B for rewards and protection of informers respectively, section 101A for power of court to order revocation and disqualification, section 110A for offenses committed by licensee or holder of permit, and New Sixth Schedule for list of machines, equipment and conveyance. v) To make general amendments in the national language text, change of name in the national language text and substitute sections 5, 69, 101 and 104 2.4.1.4 National Land Code According to section 425 unlawful occupation, etc., of state Land, reserved land or mining land National Land Code (Act 56 of 1965) and regulations, Section 425(1) stated that any person who, without lawful authority Occupies, or erects any building on, any State land, reserved land or mining land or Clears, ploughs, digs, encloses or cultivates any such land or part thereof; or Cuts or removes any timber or produce on or from such land, shall be guilty of an offence, and liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding ten thousand Ringgit, or imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year. (1A) Any person who abets the commission of an offence under sub-section (1) shall be guilty of an offence, and liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit, or imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or to both. (2) For the purpose of this section, State Land shall include all land held by or on behalf of Federal or State Government a local authority or a statutory authority exercising power vested in it by Federal or State law. Section 426 also stated that unlawful extraction or removal of rock material also show that any person who without lawful authority, extracts removes, or, transports or permits the extraction, removal or transportation of rock material from any land shall be guilty of an offence, and liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit, or imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years, or to both. Section 426A show that any police officer not below the rank of Inspector, Registrar, Land Administrator, Settlement Officer or other officer duly authorized by the State Authority (hereafter in this part referred to as authorized officer may without warrant- Arrest any person found committing or attempting to commit or abetting the commission of an offence under section 425 or 426 Seize any vehicle, tractor, agricultural implement or other thing whatsoever which he has reason to believe was used or is being used in the commission of an offence under that section Demolish, destroy or remove any building, or take possession in the name of the State Authority of any crop, erected or cultivated on any land land in contravention thereof. 2.4.1.5 List of unlawful activities under each Law Violations of the protective provisions (damage of forest reserve through fire, prohibited acts in a forest reserve, illegal logging and removal from other areas, cutting of undersized trees) are punished by fine and imprisonment in the case of unauthorized entry for interference with fences or notice boards, by a fine alone [id. Section 20(1)(C) and 33(1)]. Various offences of fraud, concealment of evidence and receiving forest produce are also punished by fine and imprisonment (Section 30). In addition to fines and imprisonment, the Forest Enactment authorizes the court to order the cancellation of licences, the payment of any fees that would have been payable in the case of unlicensed acts that could have been licensed, and compensation of ten times the value of forest produce removed or damaged (Enactment No. 2 of 1968, Section 34). There is also provision for compounding of certain offences [entering closed area, practising shifting cultivation (Section 20(C)], subject to the payment of an amount based on the fine provided for the offence (Section 35). The Forest Enactment contains a number of presumptions that shift the burden of proof to the defendant charged with a forest offence. In prosecutions against licensees, if there is an extraction route from an area of alleged illegal removal to the licensed area, or if the volume of timber claimed to be covered by a licence exceeds the production of the licensed area, the elements of illegal removal or of possession of produce in respect of which an offence has been committed are presumed. In any case in which the existence of a licence, payment of any royalty, ownership of livestock or forest produce, or the provenance of forest produce is in issue, the burden of proof lies on the accused (id. Section 38) . 2.4.2 The Agencies Involved 2.4.2.1 Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (JPSM) is one of the departments under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia and consists of Peninsular Malaysia Forestry Headquarters, 11 State Forestry Department and 33 District Forest Office in all of the Peninsular Malaysia. The department is headed by Director General of Forestry and assisted by two Deputy Director of Forestry. At the end of 2009, the number of employees is about 5.432 people. Forestry Department is responsible for the management, planning, protection and development of the Permanent Forest Reserve (HSK) in accordance with the National Forestry Policy (NDP) 1992 and National Forestry Act (APN) 1984. Peninsular Malaysia Forestry Headquarters responsible for the formulation of forestry policies, providing advice and technical services to State Forestry Department in the planning, management and development of forests, forest harvesting and wood-based industries, forest operations research, and training and human resource development. At the Head Office of Forestry, there ar

Some Surrender :: English Literature

Some Surrender I have recently read, analysed and enjoyed the short story â€Å"Some Surrender† by Bernard Maclaverty. I found this story very enjoyable as the author’s background themes were portrayed through a memorable and interesting dialogue in a thought provoking manner. The plot revolved around a hill walking trip for a father and son. It starts off with the climbing of the hill and the two catching up with each other as they have not spoken in a long time. They are celebrating the fathers 75th birthday. We hear of Roy’s – the son – failed relationship with his parents. This is due to his mother’s disapproval of him marrying a catholic woman and having a child out of wedlock. â€Å"She wasn’t even a good catholic.† Once at the top of the hill the two men share and discuss their views on the troubles in Ireland. They also talk about Roy’s job and his road to success i.e. writing a book. We learn about their secret meetings and how they used the rugby matches as an excuse. Afterwards, on their way down the hill, Roy realises how his father has aged and how fragile he has become. I found that characterisation had a major part to play in this prose as they each showed different political opinions and how these views have major effects on their lives. The father – who has lived and worked in Belfast all his life - is seventy five years of age and is getting on, although there is an obvious deterioration in health he is still fairly fit and has a â€Å"spring in his step†. He was an architect and had designed quite a few high-rise buildings, all due for demolition within the next few years. We hear that he has always been loyal to his wife and is well educated â€Å"I chose your mother. I didn’t choose you.† He stood by and respected his wife’s decision to disown their child, but he did not completely reject him. His views on political matters are very prejudiced and bigoted, always being anti-catholic . The son - Roy - is forty four years old and is a fairly successful photographer. â€Å"I see your postcards all over the place. Supermarkets even.† He has a book to be published and has got a new position working in Dublin. Despite his good job, we learn that he did not work hard in and came out of school with little or no qualifications. â€Å"You failed because you didn’t work hard enough.† After twenty years, only now has Roy got an easy and relaxed relationship with his father, despite his decision.

Single Parenting vs Nuclear Parenting

Although households are â€Å"supposed† to contain two parents there are ones that contain only one parent. A single parent is a parent who cares for one or more child without physical help of another parent in the house. Though people looked down upon single parenting before, it is now quite common in today’s world. According to the United States Census Bureau the amount of children who live with a single parent has increased to a little more than 30 percent.Single parenting is a problem to others since children raised under a household of a single parent are two times more likely to end up poor, to give birth outside of marriage, to not graduate from high school, and to have behavioral and psychological problems. It is also said that children living in single parent households are more likely to experience accidents, injuries, and poisonings. Since kids living in single parent homes are more likely to undergo these problems, many people argue that children who live in single parent homes will not grow up properly.Although kids are more likely to develop those problems, if single parents raise their children properly their children will be able to avoid those problems. Single parents and other non-traditional families are quite capable of raising healthy, well-adjusted children. Those who propose that single parents are not capable of rearing healthy and well-adjusted children have comprehensible reasons. They worry that the children will lack guidance and attention needed since there is only one parent for them to go to.They also worry that the children will lack gender influence and will need help with relationship problems in the future. At last, they worry that the children will grow up unable being independent and responsible due to their parent â€Å"babying† them too much. I believe the reasons why people are against single parent homes are not very reasonable. People propose that children raised by a single parent are not being rai sed properly. They believe that the child won’t be attended to as often since there is only one parent.That is where they are wrong, because what is family for, right? Many single parents are able to turn to their parents, siblings or extended family quite often for help. People also argue that the child of a single parent will suffer from lack of gender influence. This is basically saying a child will not understand the role of either a male or the role of a female because of deprivation of the other parent. This argument is invalid since the role models of a single parent child could be uncles, aunties, or friends of the parents.Children raised from a single parent are able to grow up with the same amount of guidance and attention as a child reared from two parents. Many people argue that children being raised by a single parent will lack those basic essentials. Many think this because single parents often work a full-time job. I believe this claim is invalid but to a certa in extent. As long as the parent has contact with family or friends, they, along with the single parent will help guide and support the child throughout their life as long as they are around.A life example would be a single parent that has to work. They will call their parents to watch their child. The child will then be taken care of by their grandparents. The grandparents will teach the child what is right from wrong (guidance); something the single parent may not have the time to do. They may also be there for the child when the single parent is not. Since many children crave attention, they like showing their parents their accomplishments from school they obtain. Since a single parent is usually too busy to take the time to notice.By having the grandparents there for the child, the child will more likely be able to receive the attention they wish to receive. Raising a child in a single parent household will not affect the child’s future relationships. Others argue against this because when children are young, they fall in love with their parent of the opposite sex. For the boys it is the Oedipus complex and for girls it is the Electra complex. Boys later on, end up looking for personality traits which their mother hold and choose a girl based upon those traits; for girls they undergo the same affair though they do so based off of their fathers traits.Some children unable to learn this develop relationship problems since they do not know what traits they are searching for in a partner. This task is extremely difficult for single parents to succeed in doing though it is not impossible. A parent can carry out this troublesome task by taking on both roles of the parents; as a father and as a mother. Single parenting holds the ability to teach independence and responsibility indirectly to their child. Others think differently, they assume these children won’t be ready for the real world due to the amount of â€Å"babying† while growing up.T his of course is incorrect because studies show that children of single parents are more independent that those with two parents. Being there only one parent, they are unable to do everything on their own; this moderately forces their child to learn to do tasks the parent has not the time to handle, on their own and at a younger age. An example, if a parent is running late for work, their child may have to make their own meal since their mother or their father does not have the time to do so.Individual parents and other non-traditional families are completely able to rear normal, balanced offspring. Single parent children are fully capable of having guidance and attention, learning roles of the opposite gender, and being independent as children with two parents. If you do not believe single parents are able to raise normal children, you are thinking wrong because this type of family makes up about 30 percent of the United States population; this number continues to escalate.